African American Women’s Reports of Racism during Hurricane Katrina: Variation by Interviewer Race

  • Sarah R. Lowe University of Massachusetts Boston
  • Kara Lustig University of Massachusetts Boston
  • Helen B. Marrow Tufts University

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of interviewer race on low-income African American female hurricane survivors’ reports of racism during Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath (N = 41). Respondents were asked directly about the role of racism during the storm and evacuation by one of three interviewers (two White females and one African American female). Contrary to expectations, respondents were not significantly more likely to agree that racism played a role during the hurricane and its aftermath when with an African American interviewer compared to a White interviewer. However, when speaking to the White interviewers versus the African American interviewer, respondents were significantly more likely to use qualifying and contradictory statements and to make references to other races also being victims of the hurricane.

References

Agresti, A. (1992). A survey of exact inference for contingency tables. Statistical Science, 7 (1), 131-153. doi:10.1214/ss/1177011454

Anderson, B. A., Silver, B. D., & Abramson, P. R. (1988). The effects of race of the interviewer on measures of electoral participation by blacks in SRC national election studies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 53-83. doi: 10.1086/269082

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Social research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bobo, L. D., & Fox, C. (2003). Race, racism, and discrimination: Bridging problems, methods, and theory in social psychological research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 319-332. doi: 10.2307/1519832

Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African-Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135

Brinkley D. (2006). The great deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. New York, NY: Morrow & Co.

Buttny, R. (2003). Multiple voices in talking race: Pakeha reported speech in the discursive construction of the racial other. In Van den Berg, H., Wetherell, M. & Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. (Eds.), Analyzing race talk: Multidisciplinary perspectives on the research interview. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Campell, B. (1981). Race-of-interviewer effects among Southern adolescents. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 231-234. doi: 10.1086/268654

Carr, L. G. (1971). The srole items and acquiescence. American Sociological Review, 36, 287-293. doi: 10.2307/2094045

Cascio, W. F., & Zedeck, S. (1983). Opening a new window in rational research planning: Adjusting alpha to maximize statistical power. Personnel Psychology, 36, 517-526. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1983.tb02233.x

Cotter, P. R., Cohen, J., & Coulter, P. B. (1982). Race-of-interviewer effects in a telephone interview. Public Opinion Quarterly, 46, 278-284. doi: 10.1086/268719

Davis, D. W. (1997a). The direction of race of interviewer effects among African-Americans: Donning the black mask. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 309-322. doi: 10.2307/2111718

Davis, D. W. (1997b). Nonrandom measurement error and race of interviewer effects among African Americans. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 183-207. doi: 10.1086/297792

Elliot, J. R., & Pais, J. (2006). Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human response to disaster. Social Science Research, 35, 295-321. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.02.003

Garcia, D. M., Reser, A. H., Amo, R. B., Redersdorff, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2005). Perceivers’ responses to in-group and out-group members who blame a negative outcome on discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 679-680. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271584

Gibbs, M. S. (1989). Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489-513. doi: 10.1002/jts.2490020411

Hays, P. A. (2001). Addressing cultural complexities in practice: A framework from clinicians and counselors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2007). The practice of feminist in-depth interviewing. In S. N. Hesse-Biber & P. L. Leavy (Eds.), Feminist research practice: A primer (pp. 111-148). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 254-263. doi: 10.1177/0146167201272010

Knabb, R. D., Rhome, J. R., & Brown, D. P. (2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved from: http://nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf

Krysan, M. & Couper, M. P. (2003). Race in the live and the virtual interview: Racial deference, social desirability, and activation effects in attitude surveys. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 364-383. doi: 10.2307/1519835

Lavelle, K., & Feagin, J. R. (2006). Hurricane Katrina: The race and class debate. Monthly Review. Retrieved from http://www.monthlyreview.org/0706lavelle.htm

Logan, J. R. (2006). The impact of Katrina: Race and class in storm-damaged neighborhoods. Unpublished manuscript. Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences Initiative, Brown University.

Molotch, H. (2006). Death on the roof: Race and bureaucratic failure. Space and Culture, 9, 31-34. doi: 10.1177/1206331205283993

Norris, F., Friedman, M., Watson, P., Byrne, C., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak. Part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239. doi: 10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173

Page, S., & Puente, M. (2005, September 12). Poll shows racial divide on storm response. USA Today. Accessed from http://usatodaycom/news/nation/2005-09-12-katrina-poll_x.htm

Park, Y., & Miller, J. (2006). The social ecology of Hurricane Katrina: Re-writing the discourse of ‘natural’ disasters. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 76, 9-24. doi: 10.1300/J497v76n03_02

Pew Research Center (2005, September 8). Huge racial divide over Katrina and its consequences. Accessed from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/255.pdf

Postmes, T., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Young, H. (1999). Comparative processes in personal and group judgments: Resolving the discrepancy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 320-338. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.320

Richburg-Hayes, L., Brock, T., LeBlanc, A., Paxon, C., Rouse, C. E., & Barrow, L. (2009). Rewarding persistence: Effects of a performance-based scholarship program for low-income parents. New York, NY: MDRC.

Schaeffer, N. C. (1980). Evaluating race-of-interviewer effects in a national survey. Sociological Methods and Research, 8, 400-419. doi: 10.1177/004912418000800403

Schmitt, M. T. & Branscombe, N. R. (2002). The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 167-199. doi: 10.1080/14792772143000058

Singer, E., Frankel, M. R., & Glassman, M. B. (1983). The effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on response. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 68-83. doi: 10.1086/268767

Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Griffin, D. R. (2007). Crisis communication, race, and natural disasters. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 539-554. doi: 10.1177/0021934706296192

Stangor, C., Van Allen, K. L., Swim, J. K., & Sechrist, G. B. (2002). Reporting discrimination in public and private contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 69-74. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.69

Stivers, C. (2007). ‘So poor and so Black’: Hurricane Katrina, public administration, and the issue of race. Public Administration Review, 49-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00812.x

Sue, D. W. & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Tucker, C. (1983). Interviewer effects in telephone surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 84-95. doi: 10.1086/268768

Van den Berg, H., Wetherell, M. & Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. (2003). Introduction. In Van den Berg, H., Wetherell, M. & Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. (Eds.), Analyzing race talk: Multidisciplinary perspectives on the research interview. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

White, I. K., Philpot, T. S., Wylie, K., & McGowen, E. (2007). Feeling the pain of my people: Hurricane Katrina, racial inequality, and the psyche of Black America. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 523-538. doi: 10.1177/0021934706296191

Published
2011-05-10
Section
Articles